This article originally appeared in the April 19, 2016, issue of Progressive Dairyman. It was written by Walt Cooley.

During the past several months, Progressive Dairyman readers have responded to an announcement last fall that tail docking will not be permitted as part of Farmers Assuring Responsible Management, or the FARM Program, beginning next year.

Editor Walt Cooley summarized a few of their oft-repeated comments and questions about the accelerated timeline for ending the practice. He posed them to NMPF’s Vice President of Animal Care Emily Meredith. NMPF operates the national FARM program that guides animal care standards for 94 percent of the U.S. milk supply. What follows are Meredith’s responses.

Q. ‘If tail docking is not a hill to die on, what are the hills to die on in the FARM Program?’

A. MEREDITH: I think the first thing that comes to mind is antibiotic use. We have a lot of customers and people asking about dairy farms’ use of antibiotics – when they use them, how much they use them and are they mindful of withdrawal times.

Their questions are obviously something we work very hard to answer. The FARM program as it exists now helps to do that.

The number one tenet of the FARM program is the veterinary-client-patient relationship. That relationship is infinitely helpful when we go to a large customer, such as Walmart for example, and can say, “Our data shows that 99.999 percent of dairies that have been evaluated in the FARM program have a signed veterinary-client-patient relationship that is updated annually.”

Customers are looking for that veterinary oversight. They are looking for that collaboration to give them a great deal of confidence in the milk and dairy products they are buying. By making the VCPR a requirement, we can provide a measurable answer to this question with great confidence.

Q. What other animal care issues are coming to the forefront of customers’ minds?

A. MEREDITH: I’d say the other big one coming down the pike is a conversation around procedures we do in the dairy industry that research has shown are inherently painful.

Customers are asking how we address pain management. A lot of folks caution us that cows are not human beings. I completely agree with that, but there is also a lot of scientific research that’s been done by leading animal health experts, both in this country and others, that show there are some procedures that do cause some pain. We have decisions to make about how we answer those questions.

Dehorning is a perfect example. It is a procedure we can defend because it is very necessary, not only for the safety of the animals but also for the humans working around them. However, we need to be talking about how we are doing that procedure and when we are doing it.

The research shows earlier is better, which is why in the FARM program it recommends doing it before 6 weeks old. We are looking at how producers could work with their veterinarians to determine if there is something they could give a calf to lessen the pain of that procedure.

Antibiotic use and dehorning – those to me are our critical “hills to die on” because I can’t think of a dairy farm that doesn’t dehorn and I can’t think of a dairy farm that doesn’t use antibiotics – except, of course, organic dairies.

Those two are the type of things we need to put our energy and weight behind and figure out how we talk to people about why those practices are necessary and defend them, if necessary.

Q. ‘After watching the tail-docking issue unfold, it feels like we are giving up when it comes to accepting customers’ animal care requests.’ Does ‘folding’ on tail docking set a precedent that the industry will give up on other issues?

A. MEREDITH: I would strongly disagree with that statement. I don’t think we are giving up. To begin with, the end of routine tail docking next year is not a change in policy.

It’s been written that way in the FARM program since its creation in 2009 that we don’t recommend the practice. We are moving up the deadline for the end of the use of the practice, yes, because of concerns that have been raised.

A lot of customers were already setting their own deadline on that issue, which was a challenge to having one national animal care program such as the FARM program. We didn’t want to see that happen.

The reality is – and it is a challenging one for us here at NMPF as well as for those who administer the FARM program – we live in a world where consumers are very interested in the story behind their food, and customers want to be able to tell their own story about social responsibility and sustainability in animal care.

Those are things they are now suddenly interested in. And that means we need to be more proactive. I don’t see being proactive as giving up. I see it as preserving the best possible market for milk and dairy products by picking battles.

Keeping all of our customers on the same page so we don’t have 30 different standards for animal care but just one is a challenge. It’s something our staff works very hard to do. Making sure that we are answering questions and moving everyone in the same direction; that to me is not giving up. Sometimes that’s going to mean that, yes, we need to evaluate which practices we can defend. We just can’t defend tail docking anymore.

Q. ‘Tail docking should be a practice that remains an individual producer’s right to choose to use or not use.’ Who is it that’s making decisions about what producers can and cannot do?

A. MEREDITH: First and foremost, what I say to producers who call me about this issue is that it’s still your right to choose whether or not you want to tail dock. However, there are now ramifications for that decision.

You can choose to do what you find is best, but you just might then have a challenge finding a home for your product if your co-op or processor chooses not to accept your milk. This is the market talking to farmers; how farmers respond will determine their marketing options going forward.

In terms of who makes the rules, it’s our technical writing group, which is a group of producers, co-op staff, academics and veterinarians. We don’t have customers who sit on our advisory committees, although we certainly receive their input almost on a daily basis. We certainly share their feedback with our advisory group.

They meet every three years to determine what, if any, changes are needed to the FARM program. They look to see what the latest research is, what we are seeing in the field, what we are hearing from our producers, and then also what the program data shows.

Any recommended changes go through a review process by our NMPF Animal Health and Well-Being Committee, and then the changes are also sent out for public comment.

In the version of the FARM program that’s coming out in January 2017, the only practice we say needs to be phased out is tail docking. We’re not asking anything else to happen on any other animal care practice.

Q. ‘I don’t believe science has proven tail docking isn’t a beneficial practice.’ How much will science play a role in determining the validity of the use of a practice in the future?

A. MEREDITH: The FARM program is, first and foremost, a science-based program.

If we want to put our faith in a science-based program, we unfortunately can’t pick and choose which science we want to support. That means we need to stand behind science even when research shows that a practice that we’re currently doing might no longer be viable.

I think that’s exemplified in the tail-docking issue. The American Dairy Science Association and the Journal of Dairy Science just published all of the research on tail docking. (See Tail Docking Collection for a special collection of articles published between 2000 and 2010.) Not a single one of those studies says that tail docking is a viable or a recommended practice for the health and welfare of a dairy animal.

It’s important to point out that no tail docking takes place in California, the number-one dairy state, and our own data indicates that only about one-quarter of farms nationally continue to do it. So it’s hard to make the case that docking is essential to the industry.

Q. ‘The FARM program was voluntary at first, now it’s not voluntary because my co-op is mandating that I participate. It feels like this program doesn’t stop asking for things. Will the program ever stop asking for more?’

A. MEREDITH: l think the phrase that describes the FARM program best is that it’s a program of continuous improvement. And so, as needed, the FARM program standards are going to continue to evolve and change.

We’re not looking for perfection or for change overnight. We’re looking for change over time, progress over time. The FARM program is going to do our part to make sure that everyone downstream – our customers – understand that this program isn’t about a perfect score.

It isn’t even a score program, for that matter. It’s about continuous improvement, evolving practices and what we’re doing on dairies over time.

I think to a certain extent, we have to change how we look at these things. If you look at this program always in a negative light, then you are only going to feel negative about it.

But if you look at this program as something that helps to tell the story we already know is true, which is that dairy farmers take great care of their animals, then this program helps us provide the data to help back that story up to the people who are asking questions.

The reality is: Our customers are probably never going to stop asking questions. They are not going to stop asking about how things are done on the farm. We don’t live in a world anymore where we can just say, “Trust us. It’s under control.” I think where I would like to end up is where we provide them hard proof and all the information they need to feel confident in the dairy industry and how we treat our animals.

Q. ‘Whoever doesn’t allow tail docking hasn’t been smacked in the face with a manure-soaked tail before. Who is it that’s making up these standards?’

A. MEREDITH: I feel fairly confident saying that everyone on the FARM program’s technical writing group and NMPF’s Animal Health and Well-Being Committee have all milked cows. I am confident in saying they understand that it is unpleasant.

Our experts have recommended switch trimming as an alternative to tail docking to alleviate the issue you just mentioned. These are the folks who set the policy and, again, they have a wealth of experience both on-farm and in academic settings that make them very well equipped to set the course for the FARM Program going forward.

This past February, we announced an exciting new stage to an already prolific partnership. This year, the FARM Program and the beef checkoff-funded Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) program will collaborate to offer more training opportunities for farmers and ranchers.

Education is the key to preventing health and wellness problems for cattle down the road. The BQA partnership will extend the scope of the FARM Program’s educational materials, as well as harness the expertise that BQA’s educators can provide to our producers. Working together, we will continue to assure consumers that their meat and milk comes from animals that receive optimal care throughout the animals’ lives.

To help our FARM Program participants understand this opportunity in more detail, FARM spoke with Chase DeCoite, associate director of the BQA program:

What was behind the decision to partner with the FARM Program?

The decision came about after looking for a better way to reach dairy producers with educational material and information about beef quality. The Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) program already had a Dairy BQA program that had high-quality information and resources, but not a wide audience of dairy producers. With FARM undergoing its Version 3.0 revision process, we thought it was a great opportunity to work with FARM administrators and dairy industry leaders to incorporate some of Dairy BQA’s key principles into a program that was already reaching our target audience.

Dairy animals have a dual purpose. After spending their lives producing milk, those animals work their way into the beef supply chain. Therefore, dairy producers participate in the beef checkoff and as such, the checkoff-funded BQA program has long felt it was important to offer those producers the same resources and information as it does to beef producers.

What are some similarities and differences between BQA and FARM?

BQA has a long history of providing beef producers with educational tools and resources to continuously improve their operations. While FARM is a younger program, it has the same goals.  Major similarities revolve around record keeping, animal health plans, minding withdrawal periods when administering animal health products, and low-stress stockmanship principles.

While the goals and resources of both programs are similar, the programs have different approaches to reaching their respective audiences. BQA is a grassroots educational effort with a wide network of BQA trainers and coordinators in most states. It is a nationally coordinated, state-implemented program. Individuals that complete BQA trainings are certified as an individual. This communicates that the individual has been trained in BQA best management practices and understands the overarching concepts of BQA. The FARM Program is different in that the educational resources and trainings culminate in an on-farm evaluation process. BQA does not require evaluations of operations, though it does provide beef producers with assessment tools that they can use, should they desire.

Tell us more about the training opportunities available to dairy producers as a result of this partnership. What makes them so valuable and where can producers access them?

BQA supports a program called Stockmanship and Stewardship, which travels the country and provides live cattle-handling demonstrations to both beef and dairy audiences. Because Version 3.0 of the FARM Program has a greater emphasis on stockmanship, we are working to expand our program to reach a larger dairy audience. Our Stockmanship and Stewardship clinicians have been presenting to dairy audiences for years and are excited for the opportunity to do more with the dairy sector.  Dairy producers should keep an eye out for programs coming to their region soon.

Additionally, we are working with FARM to develop stockmanship training modules that producers and employees can access if a live demonstration is not available or they prefer to train that way. Both in-person and online training will satisfy the stockmanship training requirement for FARM Version 3.0.

Stockmanship and BQA training are hugely successful because producers will typically start noticing things they can do to improve their operations. We often hear testimony of how beef and dairy producers have made simple changes in how they handle their cattle and notice improvements in milk production, worker safety and the overall work environment.

Will dairy farmers be able to access any BQA resources through this partnership? If so, how can they do it?

Yes! BQA resources are available to all beef and dairy producers. We have a wide array of resources, from BQA guidelines and manuals to online training modules, as well as a robust and growing YouTube channel. We encourage dairy producers to check out all of these tools at www.bqa.org. We are also working with FARM to tailor some key resources that will be posted on the FARM Program website.

What does BQA see as some of the looming pressures in the marketplace related to beef sourcing and quality (i.e. more claims about no antibiotics used in meat production)?

The beef industry faces many of the same pressures as dairy. Consumers today are increasingly interested in where their food comes from and how the animals are raised and treated.

Specifically, we see a lot of questions from consumers and retail partners about antibiotic use and animal welfare. Some retailers are looking to provide more choices to their consumers, and others want to be assured that their products are being raised according to industry best practices. Largely, we are seeing that BQA and FARM are answering these questions and concerns once folks learn about the programs. Still, both the beef and dairy industries must continuously evaluate and improve their programs to meet consumer demands while also remaining committed to the best management practices developed from sound science and research. I hope and expect that more retailers, restaurants and foodservice groups will adopt and endorse BQA and FARM as programs that satisfy their expectations and animal welfare policies.

What is one thing you want dairy producers to know about BQA and this partnership?

BQA has long been committed to providing producers with the tools, resources and materials to improve their operations. We see this partnership as the next step in that commitment. We provide resources and training that complement the FARM Program and give dairy producers the tools to be even more successful in their quest to provide high-quality, wholesome, delicious milk – and meat! We look forward to working together to improve and enhance the beef and dairy industries.

Winter storm Goliath, with its record-shattering blizzard, dealt a harsh year-end blow last week to dairy farmers in the Southwest.

Dairy Carrie Mess gets the inside scoop on how family farms in the New Mexico-West Texas region fought back against the elements in an effort to save their cows. Cow comfort is a perennial challenge across the country, across the seasons, whether due to heat and drought in the summer, or snow and ice in the winter. The ethics of responsible animal care that is shared by farms of all types and sizes never takes a snow day.

We’re sending good thoughts to all of our FARM Program farms that have been affected and wishing them a speedy recovery in 2016.